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A Case for Supplementing - Footnotes

1. McCollum EV. A History of Nutrition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.;1957 (Chapters 14-20, 27).
2. Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances 10th edition. Washington DC: National Academy Press;1989.285p.
3. Munoz KA, Krebs-Smith SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland LE. Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics 1997 Sep;100(3 Pt 1):323-9.
4. Continuing survey of food intakes by individuals (CSFII): Diet and Health Knowledge Survey, 1996 (on magnetic tape). Dept. of Agriculture.
5. Dollahite J, Franklin D, McNew R. Problems encountered in meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowances for menus designed according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995; 95:341-344, 347.
6. Kuzmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994;272:205-211.
7. Agricultural research Service. Fat Intake continues to drop; veggies, fruits still low in US diet. Res News 1996.
8. Nature of Things [videocassette]. CBC International Sales.
9. Beals KA, Manore MM. Nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1998;98:419-425.
10. Manore MM. Chronic dieting in active women: What are the health consequences? Women's Health Issues 1996;6(6):332-341.
11. Combs GF. The vitamins, fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998. Pp. 469-79.
12. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr. Turnbull BW. The nutritional prevention of cancer with selenium 1983-1993; a randomized clinical trial. FASEB J 1996;10:A550 (abstr).
13. Hathcock J. Vitamins and minerals: efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:427-37.
14. Russell R. New views on the RDAs for older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:515-518.
15. Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 1992;340:1124-27.
16. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998 February 4.
17. Woodside JV, Yarnell JWG, McMaster D, Young IS, Harmon DL, McCrum EE, Patterson CC, Gey KF, Whitehead AS, Evans A. Effect of B-group vitamins and antioxidant vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia: a double-blind, randomized, factorial-design, controlled trial 1-3. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:858-66.
18. Group breaks precedent [National Academy of Sciences], recommends vitamins. The Washington Post 1998 April 8; Sect A:14.
19. Liebman B, Schardt D. Vitamin smarts. Nutrition Action Newsletter: Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI) 1995 November 22(9):1,6-10.
20. Food and Nutrition Board. How should the recommended dietary allowances be revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
21. Lachance P, Langseth L. The RDA concept: time for change? Nutr Rev 1994;52:266-70.
22. Yates A, Schlicker S, Suitor C. Dietary Reference Intakes: the new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am diet Assoc. 1998;98:699-706
23. Blackburn GL, Jensen GL. Improvement of coronary artery disease in a patient with hyperhomocysteinemia: report of a case. Nutrition 1998;14.
24. Schauss AG. Minerals, trace elements and human health Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
25. Combs GF. The vitamins, fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998. Pp. 522-529.
26. Combs GF. The vitamins, fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998. Pp. 537-548.
27. Supplemental amount should be close to the low number shown.
28. Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, McDonald JT, Sundaresan PR, Wilkening VL. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:183-202.
29. Diplock AT. Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Dec;62(6 Suppl):1510S-1516S. Review.
30. Smokers, those likely to develop, or those that already have lung cancer should avoid beta carotene supplementation.
31. Van Poppel G, Goldbohm RA. Epidemiologic evidence for b-carotene and cancer prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1393S-402S.
32. Krinsky NI. Carotenoids and cancer: basic research studies. In: Frei B, ed. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994:239-61.
33. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996 May 2;334(18):1150-1155.
34. Wetzstein C, Shern-Brewer R, Green N, Parthasarathy S. Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on low density lipoprotein oxidation following an acute exercise bout. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;30(5):s219.
35. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. N Engl J Med 1998 Mar 19;338(12):828-829.
36. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997 Sep 4;337(10):670-676.
37. Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1365-1369S.
38. Stephesn NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996;347:781-5. 39. Chan AC. Vitamin E and atherosclerosis. J Nutr 1998 Oct;128(10):1593-1596.
40. Meydani M, Evans WJ, Handelman G, Biddle L, Fielding RA, Meydani SN, Burrill J, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg JB, Cannon JG. Protective effect of vitamin E on exercise-induced oxidative damage in young and older adults. Am J Physiol 1993 May;264(5 Pt 2):R992-998.
41. Block G. Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(suppl):1310S-4S.
42. Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Mohr D, Stocker R. Coantioxidants make a-tocopherol an efficient antioxidant for low-density lipoprotein. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1357S-64S.
43. Head KA. Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Altern Med Rev 1998 Jun;3(3):174-186.
44. Beam WC, Fong FD, Koch RA, Fortuna JL. The effect of chronic ascorbic acid supplementation on strength following isotonic strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 May;30(5):S219.
45. Patterson RE, White E, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML, Potter JD. Vitamin supplements and cancer risk: the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control 1997 Sep;8(5):786-802.
46. Bakker SJ, Hoogeveen EK, Nijpels G, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Gans RO, Heine RJ. The association of dietary fibers with glucose tolerance is partly explained by concomitant intake of thiamine: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1998 Oct;41(10):1168-1178.
47. Madigan SM, Tracey F, McNulty H, Eaton-Evans J, Coulter J, McCartney H, Strain JJ. Riboflavin and vitamin B6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living people. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 Aug;68(2):389-395.
48. Winters LR, Yoon JS, Kalkwarf HJ, Davies JC, Berkowitz MG, Haas J,Roe DA. Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Sep;56(3):526-532.
49. Elliott RB, Pilcher CC, Fergusson DM, Stewart AW. A population based strategy to prevent insulin-dependent diabetes using nicotinamide. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996 Sep-Oct;9(5):501-509.
50. Capuzzi DM, Guyton JR, Morgan JM, Goldberg AC, Kreisberg RA, Brusco OA, Brody J. Efficacy and safety of an extended-release niacin (Niaspan): a long-term study. Am J Cardiol 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):74U-81U.
51. Schaumburg H, Kaplan J, Windebank A, Vick N; Rasmus S; Pleasure D; Brown MJ. Sensory neuropathy form pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983 Aug 25;309(8):445-448.
52. Albin Rl, Albers JW, Greenberg HS, et al. Acute sensory neuropathy - neuronopathy from pyridoxine overdose. Neurology 1987;37:1729-1732.
53. Albin RL, Albers JW. Long-term follow-up of pyridoxine-induced acute sensory neuropathy - neuronopathy. Neurology 1990 Aug;40(8):1319.
54. Santoro L, Ragno M, Nucciotti R, Barbieri F, Caruso G. Pyridoxine neuropathy: a four year electrophysiological and clinical follow-up of a severe case. Acta Neurol 1991;13:13-18.
55. Parry GJ, Bredeson DE. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 1985;35:1466-1468.
56. Manore MM. Vitamin B 6 and exercise. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Jun:4(2):89-103.
57. Den Hiejer M, Brouwer IA, Bos GM, Blom HJ, van der Put NM, Spaans AP, Rosendaal FR, Thomas CM, Haak HL, Wijermans PW, Gerrits WB. Vitamin supplementation reduces blood homocysteine levels: a controlled trial in patients with venous thrombosis and healthy volunteers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998 Mar;18(3):356-361.
58. Wald N, Sneddon F, Densem J, Frost C, Stone R. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 1991 Jul 20;338(8760):131-137.
59. Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 Nov;68(5):1104-1110.
60. Kuzminski AM, Cel Giacco EJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindebaum J. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998 Aug 15;92(4):1191-1198.
61. Optimal Calcium Intake. NIH Consens Statement 1994 June 6-8; 12(4):1-31.
62. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta- analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996 Apr 3;275(13):1016-1022.
63. Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3d. The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 27;327(9):620-627.
64. Itoh K, Kawasaka T, Nakamura M. The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Br J Nutr 1997 Nov;78(5):737-750.
65. Clarkson PM, Haymes EM. Exercise and mineral status of athletes: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995 Jun;27(6):831-843.
66. Dimai HP, Porta S, Wirnsberger G, Lindschinger M, Pamperl I, Dobnig H, Wilders-Truschnig M, Lau KH. Daily oral magensium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in young adult males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 Aug;83(8):2742-2748.
67. Bar-dayan Y, Shoenfeld Y. Magnesium fortification of water. A possible step forward in preventive medicine. Ann Med Interne 1997;148(6):440-444.
68. Upper range amount is from supplements only. 4 From supplements only.
69. Schauss, AG. Optimal nutrient intake for vitamins and minerals. Int J Biosoc Med Res 1996;14:2.
70. Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs SJ. Comparative in vitro oxygen radical scavenging ability of zinc methionine and selected zinc salts and antioxidants. Gen Pharmacol 1997 Jan;28(1):85-91.
71. Schardt D, Schmidt S. That zincing feeling. Nutrition Action Healthletter 1996 April;23(3):10,11.
72. Fortes C, Agabiti N, Fano V, Pacifici R, Forastiere F, Virgili F, Zuccaro P, Perruci CA, Ebrahim S. Zinc supplementation and plasma lipid peroxides in an elderly population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997 Feb;51(2):97-101.
73. Clark LC, Combs GE, Turnbull BW, et al. Effect of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA 1996;276:1957-68.
74. Comb GF Jr, Clark LC. Selenium. In: Garewal HS, ed. Antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention. New York: CRC Press, 1997.
75. Anderson RA. Nutritional factors influencing the glucose/insulin system: chromium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1997 Oct;16(5):404-410.
76. Anderson RA. Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 part 2):S35-41.
77. Hathcock J. Safety limits for nutrients. J Nutr. 1996 Sep;126(9 Suppl):2386S-2389S.





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